From maximum force to the field equations of general relativity and implications

Abstract

There are at least two ways to deduce Einstein’s field equations from the principle of maximum force c4/4G or from the equivalent principle of maximum power c5/4G . Tests in gravitational wave astronomy, cosmology, and numerical gravitation confirm the two principles. Apparent paradoxes about the limits can all be resolved. Several related bounds arise. The limits illuminate the beauty, consistency and simplicity of general relativity from an unusual perspective.