The lower solar atmosphere is a partially ionized plasma consisting of electrons, ions, and neutral atoms. In this, which is essentially a three-fluid system, the Hall effect arises from the treatment of the electrons and ...

The role of Our Sun as a valuable astrophysical laboratory for testing theories of stellar physics is highlighted. The state of our knowledge concerning the solar interior and the possible probes for gaining insight into ...

The long-period modes of a differentially rotating, solar-type star are consided. Two modes are found. The non-axisymmetric modes are Rossby waves, also known as r-modes, with the Coriolis force as the dominant restoring ...

The interior of the sun is not directly accessible to observations. Nonetheless, it is possible to infer the physical conditions prevailing in the solar interior with the help of theory of stellar structure and the powerful ...

A wide variety of gravity and acoustic wave motions have been detected at the surface of the Sun as Doppler shifts of spectral lines. These velocity field provide a valuable probe for studying the internal solar structure ...

Sunspot theory is discussed with reference to the role played by the spot magnetic field in influencing the mode of energy transport. Consideration is given to the stability of a plane parallel polytropic fluid layer with ...

We compare the zonal-flow pattern in subsurface layers of the Sun with the distribution of surface magnetic features such as sunspots and polar faculae. We demonstrate that, in the activity belt, the butterfly pattern of ...